1. Isingeniso

I-Antimony, njengensimbi ebalulekile engeyona insimbi, isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-flame retardants, ama-alloy, ama-semiconductors nakwezinye izinkambu. Kodwa-ke, ama-antimony ores emvelweni avame ukuhambisana ne-arsenic, okuholela ekuquketheni okuphezulu kwe-arsenic ku-antimony eluhlaza okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-antimony. Lesi sihloko sethula ngokuhlelekile izindlela ezahlukene zokususa i-arsenic ekuhlanzweni kwe-antimony eluhlaza, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa kwe-pyrometallurgical, ukuhlanzwa kwe-hydrometallurgical, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwe-electrolytic, sichaza izimiso zazo, ukugeleza kwenqubo, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nezinzuzo/ububi.

2. Ukuhluzwa Kwe-Pyrometallurgical Kokususwa Kwe-Arsenic

2.1 Indlela Yokuhlanza I-Alkaline

2.1.1 Isimiso

Indlela yokucwenga i-alkaline isusa i-arsenic ngokusekelwe ekusabeleni phakathi kwamakhemikhali e-arsenic kanye ne-alkali metal ukuze kwakheke ama-arsenate. Izilinganiso eziyinhloko zokusabela:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe: Gaya i-antimony eluhlaza ibe yizinhlayiya ezingu-5-10mm bese uxuba nomlotha wesoda (Na₂CO₃) ngesilinganiso sobunzima esingu-10:1
2. Ukuncibilikisa: Shisa esithandweni somlilo esiphendukayo ku-850-950°C, linda amahora angu-2-3
3. Ukugeleza: Faka umoya ocindezelwe (ingcindezi engu-0.2-0.3MPa), izinga lokugeleza lingu-2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Ukwakheka kwe-slag: Engeza inani elifanele le-saltpeter (NaNO₃) njenge-oxidant, umthamo ongu-3-5% wesisindo se-antimony
5. Ukususwa kwe-slag: Ngemva kokuhlala imizuzu engama-30, susa i-slag ebusweni
6. Phinda umsebenzi: Phinda inqubo engenhla izikhathi ezingu-2-3

2.1.3 Ukulawulwa Kwepharamitha Yenqubo

• Ukulawula izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa elifanele 900±20°C
• Isilinganiso se-alkali: Lungisa ngokwezinga le-arsenic, ngokuvamile i-8-12% yesisindo se-antimony
• Isikhathi sokuxova: amahora angu-1-1.5 ngomjikelezo ngamunye wokuxova

2.1.4 Ukusebenza Kahle Kokususa I-Arsenic

Kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic kusuka ku-2-5% kuya ku-0.1-0.3%

2.2 Indlela Yokushintshwa Kwe-Oxidative

2.2.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa isici sokuthi i-arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) iguquguqukayo kakhulu kune-antimony oxide. I-As₂O₃ iyashintshashintsha kuphela ku-193°C, kuyilapho i-Sb₂O₃ idinga u-656°C.

2.2.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukuncibilikisa nge-oxidative: Shisa kuhhavini ojikelezayo kuya ku-600-650°C ngokungenisa umoya
2. Ukwelashwa kwegesi yoketshezi: Faka umoya obandayo bese ubuyisa i-As₂O₃ eguquguqukayo
3. Ukunciphisa ukuncibilikisa: Nciphisa izinto ezisele ku-1200°C nge-coke
4. Ukucwenga: Faka inani elincane lomlotha wesoda ukuze uhlanzwe ngokwengeziwe

2.2.3 Amapharamitha Ayisihluthulelo

• Ukuhlushwa kwe-oksijini: 21-28%
• Isikhathi sokuhlala: amahora angu-4-6
• Isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-kiln: 0.5-1r/min

3. Ukuhluzwa Kwe-Hydrometallurgical Kokususwa Kwe-Arsenic

3.1 Indlela Yokukhipha I-Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa isici sokuthi i-arsenic sulfide inokuncibilika okuphezulu ezixazululweni ze-alkali sulfide kune-antimony sulfide. Ukusabela Okuyinhloko:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
I-Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Ayinyibiliki

3.1.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. I-Sulfidation: Hlanganisa i-crude antimony powder ne-sulfur ku-1:0.3 mass ratio, bese u-sulfidize ku-500°C ihora eli-1
2. Ukuvuza: Sebenzisa isisombululo se-Na₂S esingu-2mol/L, isilinganiso esiqinile soketshezi esingu-5:1, uhlanganise ku-80°C amahora ama-2
3. Ukuhlunga: Hlunga ngokucindezela isihlungi, insalela i-antimony concentrate ephansi ye-arsenic
4. Ukuvuselelwa: Faka i-H₂S ku-filtrate ukuze uvuselele i-Na₂S

3.1.3 Izimo Zenqubo

• Ukugxila kwe-Na₂S: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• I-pH yokukhipha amanzi: 12-13
• Ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha amanzi: Njengoba> 90%, ukulahleka kwe-Sb<5%

3.2 Indlela Yokukhipha I-Acidic Oxidative

3.2.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa i-arsenic's oxidation elula ezimweni ze-asidi, isebenzisa ama-oxidants afana ne-FeCl₃ noma i-H₂O₂ ukuze inyibilike ngokukhetha.

3.2.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukuvuza: Kusisombululo se-1.5mol/L HCl, engeza u-0.5mol/L FeCl₃, isilinganiso esiqinile soketshezi esingu-8:1
2. Ukulawula okungenzeka: Gcina amandla okuxilisa ku-400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile: Ukuhlunga nge-vacuum, thumela i-filtrate ekubuyiselweni kwe-arsenic
4. Ukugeza: Geza izinsalela zesihlungi izikhathi ezintathu nge-hydrochloric acid encibilikisiwe

4. Indlela Yokucwenga Nge-Electrolytic

4.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa umehluko kuma-deposition potentials phakathi kwe-antimony (+0.212V) kanye ne-arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Anode: Faka i-antimony eluhlaza emapuletini e-anode angu-400×600×20mm
2. Ukwakheka kwe-Electrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, okungeziwe (i-gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Izimo ze-Electrolysis:
   • Ubuningi bamanje: 120-150A/m²
   • I-voltage yeseli: 0.4-0.6V
   • Izinga lokushisa: 30-35°C
   • Ibanga le-electrode: 100mm
4. Umjikelezo: Susa esitokisini njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10

4.3 Izinkomba Zobuchwepheshe

• Ubumsulwa be-antimony ye-Cathode: ≥99.85%
• Izinga lokususwa kwe-Arsenic: >95%
• Ukusebenza kahle kwamanje: 85-90%

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokususa I-Arsenic Obusha

5.1 Ukuhluzwa kwe-Vacuum

Ngaphansi kwe-vacuum engu-0.1-10Pa, isebenzisa umehluko wokucindezela komusi (Njengoba: 133Pa ku-550°C, i-Sb idinga i-1000°C).

5.2 Ukushiswa Kwe-Plasma

Isebenzisa i-plasma ephansi lokushisa (5000-10000K) ukuze i-arsenic oxidation ekhethiwe, isikhathi esifushane sokucubungula (imizuzu eyi-10-30), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi.

6. Ukuqhathanisa Inqubo kanye Nezincomo Zokukhetha

Izincomo zokukhetha:

• Ukudla okune-arsenic ephezulu (Njengoba> 3%): Kukhethwa ukuhlanzwa kwe-alkali sulfide
• I-arsenic ephakathi nendawo (0.5-3%): Ukuhluzwa kwe-alkaline noma i-electrolysis
• Izidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwe-arsenic ephansi: Kunconywa ukucwengisiswa kwe-electrolytic

7. Isiphetho

Ukususwa kwe-arsenic ku-antimony eluhlaza kudinga ukucatshangelwa okubanzi kwezimpawu zezinto zokusetshenziswa, izidingo zomkhiqizo, kanye nezomnotho. Izindlela zendabuko ze-pyrometallurgical zinamandla amakhulu kodwa zinomfutho omkhulu wemvelo; izindlela ze-hydrometallurgical zinokungcola okuncane kodwa zinezinqubo ezinde; izindlela ze-electrolytic zikhiqiza ubumsulwa obukhulu kodwa zisebenzisa amandla amaningi. Iziqondiso zentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo zifaka:

1. Ukuthuthukisa izithasiselo ezihlanganisiwe ezisebenzayo
2. Ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezihlanganisiwe zezigaba eziningi
3. Ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo ye-arsenic
4. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kokungcola