1. Isingeniso

I-Antimony, njengensimbi ebalulekile engeyona insimbi, isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-flame retardants, ama-alloys, ama-semiconductors nezinye izinkambu. Kodwa-ke, i-antimony ore ngokwemvelo ivamise ukuhlangana ne-arsenic, okuholela kokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-arsenic ku-antimoni engahluziwe okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-antimoni. Lesi sihloko sethula ngokuhlelekile izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokususwa kwe-arsenic ekuhlanzweni kwe-antimony engahluziwe, okuhlanganisa ukucwenga kwe-pyrometallurgical, ukucwenga kwe-hydrometallurgical, nokucwengisiswa kwe-electrolytic, ichaza izimiso zazo, ukugeleza kwenqubo, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nezinzuzo/ububi.

2. I-Pyrometallurgical Refining ye-Arsenic Removal

2.1 Indlela Yokucwenga I-alkaline

2.1.1 Isimiso

Indlela yokucwenga i-alkaline isusa i-arsenic ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni phakathi kwenhlanganisela yensimbi ye-arsenic ne-alkali ukuze yakhe ama-arsenate. Izibalo zokusabela eziyinhloko:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe: Gcoba i-antimony engahluziwe ibe yizinhlayiya ezingu-5-10mm bese uxuba nomlotha wesoda (Na₂CO₃) ngesilinganiso sesisindo esingu-10:1
2. Ukuncibilika: Shisisa esithandweni somlilo siye ku-850-950°C, yibambe amahora angu-2-3
3. I-Oxidation: Yethula umoya ocindezelwe (ingcindezi engu-0.2-0.3MPa), izinga lokugeleza 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Ukwakheka kwe-slag: Engeza inani elifanele le-saltpeter (NaNO₃) njenge-oxidant, thatha umthamo ongu-3-5% wesisindo se-antimony
5. Ukususwa kwe-slag: Ngemva kokuzinza imizuzu engu-30, susa i-slag engaphezulu
6. Phinda ukusebenza: Phinda inqubo engenhla izikhathi ezingu-2-3

2.1.3 Ukulawulwa Kwepharamitha Yenqubo

• Ukulawula izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa elilungile lingu-900±20°C
• Isilinganiso se-alkali: Lungisa ngokuvumelana nokuqukethwe kwe-arsenic, ngokuvamile u-8-12% wesisindo se-antimony
• Isikhathi se-oxidation: amahora angu-1-1.5 ngomjikelezo we-oxidation

2.1.4 Ikhono Lokukhipha I-Arsenic

Inganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic kusuka ku-2-5% kuya ku-0.1-0.3%

2.2 Indlela Ye-Oxidative Volatilization

2.2.1 Umgomo

Isebenzisa isici sokuthi i-arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) iguquguquka kakhulu kune-antimony oxide. I-As₂O₃ ishintshashintsha ku-193°C kuphela, kuyilapho i-Sb₂O₃ idinga u-656°C.

2.2.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukuncibilika kwe-oxidative: Shisisa kuhhavini elijikelezayo liye ku-600-650°C ngesingeniso somoya
2. Ukwelashwa kwegesi yomkhuhlane: Condense futhi ululame i-As₂O₃ eshibhile
3. Ukunciphisa ukuncibilika: Yehlisa izinto ezisele ku-1200°C nge-coke
4. Ukucwenga: Engeza inani elincane le-soda ash ukuze uqhubeke nokuhlanzwa

2.2.3 Amapharamitha abalulekile

• Ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo: 21-28%
• Isikhathi sokuhlala: amahora angama-4-6
• Isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-Kiln: 0.5-1r/min

3. I-Hydrometallurgical Refining ye-Arsenic Removal

3.1 Indlela ye-Alkali Sulfidi Leaching

3.1.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa isici sokuthi i-arsenic sulfide inokunyibilika okuphezulu kuzixazululo ze-alkali sulfide kune-antimony sulfide. Ukusabela okuyinhloko:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Ayincibiliki

3.1.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. I-sulfidation: Hlanganisa impushana ye-antimony engahluziwe nesibabule ku-1:0.3 mass ratio, sulfidize at 500°C ihora elilodwa.
2. I-Leaching: Sebenzisa isixazululo se-2mol/L Na₂S, isilinganiso se-liquid-solid 5:1, gxuma ku-80 ° C amahora angu-2.
3. Ukuhlunga: Hlunga ngomshini wokuhlunga, izinsalela ziyi-concentrate ye-antimony ephansi ye-arsenic
4. Ukwenziwa kabusha: Yethula i-H₂S kusihlungi ukuze ukhiqize kabusha i-Na₂S

3.1.3 Izimo Zenqubo

• Ukugxila kwe-Na₂S: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• I-pH ye-Leaching: 12-13
• Ukusebenza kahle kwe-Leaching: As>90%, Sb loss<5%

3.2 Indlela Ye-Acidic Oxidative Leaching

3.2.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa i-arsenic's oxidation elula ezimweni ezine-acidic, isebenzisa ama-oxidants afana ne-FeCl₃ noma i-H₂O₂ ekuncibilikeni okukhethekile.

3.2.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. I-Leaching: Kusixazululo se-HCl esingu-1.5mol/L, engeza u-0.5mol/L FeCl₃, isilinganiso se-liquid-solid 8:1
2. Ukulawula okungenzeka: Gcina amandla e-oxidation ku-400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile: Ukuhlunga kwe-vacuum, thumela i-filtrate ekululameni kwe-arsenic
4. Ukugeza: Geza izinsalela zokuhlunga izikhathi ezi-3 nge-dilute hydrochloric acid

4. Indlela Yokucwenga Electrolytic

4.1 Isimiso

Isebenzisa umehluko emandleni okufakwa phakathi kwe-antimony (+0.212V) ne-arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Ukugeleza Kwenqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-anode: Sakaza i-antimony engahluziwe kumapuleti e-anode angu-400×600×20mm
2. Ukwakheka kwe-Electrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, okungeziwe (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Izimo ze-Electrolysis:
   • Ukuminyana kwamanje: 120-150A/m²
   • I-voltage yeselula: 0.4-0.6V
   • Izinga lokushisa: 30-35°C
   • Ibanga le-Electrode: 100mm
4. Umjikelezo: Susa kuseli njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10

4.3 Izinkomba zobuchwepheshe

• Ukuhlanzeka kwe-antimoni ye-Cathode: ≥99.85%
• Izinga lokususwa kwe-Arsenic:> 95%
• Ukusebenza kwamanje: 85-90%

5. I-Arsenic Removal Technologies Esafufusa

5.1 I-Vacuum Distillation

Ngaphansi kwevacuum engu-0.1-10Pa, isebenzisa umehluko wengcindezi yomhwamuko (Njengoba: 133Pa ku-550°C, i-Sb idinga u-1000°C).

5.2 I-Plasma Oxidation

Isebenzisa i-plasma enezinga lokushisa eliphansi (5000-10000K) ekukhetheni i-arsenic oxidation, isikhathi esifushane sokucubungula (10-30min), ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.

6. Inqubo yokuqhathanisa nezincomo zokukhetha

Izincomo zokukhetha:

• Okuphakelayo kwe-arsenic ephezulu (As>3%): Khetha i-alkali sulfide leaching
• I-arsenic emaphakathi (0.5-3%): Ukucwengwa kwe-alkali noma i-electrolysis
• Izidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwe-arsenic ephansi: Kunconyiwe ukucwengwa kwe-Electrolytic

7. Isiphetho

Ukususwa kwe-arsenic ku-antimony engahluziwe kudinga ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kwezici zempahla eluhlaza, izidingo zomkhiqizo, kanye nezomnotho. Izindlela zendabuko ze-pyrometallurgical zinamandla amakhulu kodwa ingcindezi ebalulekile yemvelo; izindlela ze-hydrometallurgical zinokungcoliswa okuncane kodwa izinqubo ezinde; izindlela ze-electrolytic zikhiqiza ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kodwa zidla amandla amaningi. Imikhombandlela yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ihlanganisa:

1. Ukuthuthukisa izithasiselo eziyinhlanganisela ezisebenza kahle
2. Ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezihlanganisiwe zezigaba eziningi
3. Ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwensiza ye-arsenic
4. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kokungcola