I-Sulfur iyisici esingeyona insimbi esinophawu lwamakhemikhali u-S kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-16. I-Sulfur emsulwa iyikristalu ephuzi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-sulfur noma i-sulfur ephuzi. I-Sulfur eyisisekelo ayincibiliki emanzini, incibilika kancane ku-ethanol, futhi incibilika kalula ku-carbon disulfideCS2.
1. Izakhiwo zomzimba
- I-sulfur ngokuvamile iyikristalu ephuzi elikhanyayo, ayinaphunga futhi ayinambitheki.
- I-sulfur inezinhlobo eziningi ze-allotropes, zonke ezakhiwe yi-S8Ama-molecule ajikelezayo. Avame kakhulu yi-orthorhomb sulfur (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-rhombic sulfur, i-α-sulfur) kanye ne-monoclinic sulfur (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-β-sulfur).
- I-Orthorhombic sulfur iwuhlobo oluzinzile lwe-sulfur, futhi uma ishiswa cishe ku-100 °C, ingapholiswa ukuze kutholakale i-monoclinic sulfur. Izinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa phakathi kwe-orthorhombic sulfur kanye ne-monoclinic sulfur lingu-95.6 °C. I-orhombic sulfur iwuhlobo olulodwa oluzinzile lwe-sulfur ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uhlobo lwayo oluhlanzekile luphuzi-luhlaza (i-sulfur ethengiswa emakethe ibonakala iphuzi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwamanani amancane e-cycloheptasulfur). I-Orthorhombic sulfur empeleni ayincibiliki emanzini, inokushisa okubi, iyi-insulator enhle kagesi.
- I-Monoclinic sulfur yizinhlayiya eziningi ezifana nenaliti ezisele ngemuva kokuncibilikisa i-sulphur nokuthulula uketshezi oluningi. I-Monoclinic sulfur orthorhombic sulfur iyizinhlobo ze-elemental sulfur emazingeni okushisa ahlukene. I-Monoclinic sulfur izinzile ngaphezu kuka-95.6 ℃ kuphela, futhi ekushiseni, iguquka kancane kancane ibe yi-orthorhombic sulfur. Indawo yokuncibilika ye-orthorhombic sulfur ingu-112.8℃, indawo yokuncibilika ye-monoclinic sulfur ingu-119℃. Zombili zincibilika kakhulu ku-CS2.
- Kukhona nesibabule esinwebekayo. Isibabule esinwebekayo siyisici esiqinile esiphuzi esimnyama, esinwebekayo esingancibiliki kakhulu kwi-carbon disulfide kunezinye i-allotropes sulfur. Asincibiliki emanzini futhi sincibilika kancane ku-alcohol. Uma isibabule esincibilikisiwe sithelwa ngokushesha emanzini abandayo, isibabule eside siyaqina, sinwebeka kalula. Kodwa-ke, sizoqina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi sibe yisibabule esisodwa.
2. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali
- I-sulfur ingasha emoyeni, isabela nomoya-mpilo ukuze yakhe i-sulfur dioxide (SO2)₂) igesi.
- I-sulfur isabela nawo wonke ama-halogens lapho ishisa. Ishisa ku-fluorine ukuze yakhe i-sulfur hexafluoride. I-sulfur ewuketshezi ene-chlorine ukuze yakhe i-disulfur dichloride ecasula kakhulu (S)2Cl2). Ingxube yokulingana equkethe i-red sulfur dichloride (SCl) ingakhiwa uma i-chlorine ingaphezu kwe-chlorine futhi iyi-catalyst, njenge-FeCl2.3noma i-SnI4,isetshenziswa.
- I-sulfur ingasabela ngesisombululo se-hot potassium hydroxide (KOH) ukuze yakhe i-potassium sulfide kanye ne-potassium thiosulfate.
- I-Sulphur ayihlangani namanzi kanye nama-asidi anga-oxidizing. I-Sulphur ihlangana ne-asidi ye-nitric eshisayo kanye ne-asidi ye-sulphur egxilile futhi ingaxutshwa ibe yi-asidi ye-sulphur kanye ne-asidi ye-sulphur.
3. Inkambu yesicelo
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwesibabule kusekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali esibabule njenge-sulfuric acid, ama-sulfite, ama-thiosulfate, ama-ocyanate, i-sulfur dioxide, i-carbon disulfide, i-disulfur dichloride, i-trichlorosulfonated phosphorus, i-phosphorus sulf, kanye nama-metal sulfide. Ngaphezu kwama-80% okusetshenziswa kwesibabule minyaka yonke emhlabeni kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-sulfuric acid. Isibabule sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwerabha eli-vulcanized. Lapho irabha eluhlaza ivulcanized ibe irabha eli-vulcanized, ithola ukuqina okuphezulu, ukumelana nokushisa amandla okuthamba, kanye nokungancibiliki ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo. Imikhiqizo eminingi yerabha yenziwe ngerabha eli-vulcanized, elikhiqizwa ngokusabela irabha eluhlaza kanye nama-accelerator emazingeni okushisa athile kanye nokucindezela. Isibabule siyadingeka futhi ekukhiqizweni kwempuphu emnyama kanye nomentshisi, futhi singenye yezinto eziyinhloko ezingavuthiwe zeziqhumane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibabule singasetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwamadayi nama-pigment a-sulfurized. Isibonelo, ukufaka i-calcining engxubeni ye-kaolin, i-carbon, i-sulfur, i-diatomaceous earth, noma i-quartz powder kungakhiqiza umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka obizwa ngokuthi i-ultramarine. Imboni ye-bleach kanye nemboni yezemithi nayo isebenzisa ingxenye ye-sulfur.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha
I-Sulfur ingenye yezithako zemithi eminingi yezifo zesikhumba. Isibonelo, uwoyela we-tung ushiswa nge-sulphur ukuze ufakwe i-sulphur acid bese uncishiswa ngamanzi e-ammonia ukuze kutholakale uwoyela we-sulfonated tung. Ukhilimu ongu-10% owenziwe ngawo unemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye nokucasuka futhi ungasetshenziswa ukwelapha ukuvuvukala nokuvuvukala kwesikhumba okuhlukahlukene.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-09-2024