Izinyathelo zenqubo ye-Cadmium kanye namapharamitha

I. Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe kanye Nokuhlanzwa Okuyinhloko

1. ‌Ukulungiselela Ukudla Okuphakelayo Kwe-Cadmium Okuhlanzekile Kakhulu‌

• ‌Ukugeza nge-asidi‌: Faka ama-ingots e-cadmium esezingeni lezimboni kusisombululo se-nitric acid esingu-5%-10% ku-40-60°C amahora angu-1-2 ukuze ususe ama-oxide angaphezulu kanye nokungcola kwensimbi. Hlanza ngamanzi ahlanzekile kuze kube yilapho i-pH engathathi hlangothi bese womisa nge-vacuum.
• ‌Ukuhlanza nge-Hydrometallurgical‌: Phatha imfucuza equkethe i-cadmium (isb., i-copper-cadmium slag) nge-sulfuric acid (15-20%) ku-80-90°C amahora angu-4-6, ufinyelele ukusebenza kahle kwe-cadmium leaching okungu-≥95%. Hlunga bese ufaka i-zinc powder (isilinganiso se-stoichiometric esiphindwe ka-1.2-1.5) ukuze uthuthe ukuze uthole i-sponge cadmium‌

1. ‌Ukuncibilikisa Nokuphonsa‌

• Faka i-sponge cadmium ezitsheni ze-graphite ezihlanzekile kakhulu, uncibilike ngaphansi komoya we-argon ku-320-350°C, bese uthela ezikhumbeni ze-graphite ukuze uphole kancane. Yenza ama-ingots anobukhulu obungu-≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Ukucwengisiswa Kwendawo

1. ‌Imishini namapharamitha‌

• Sebenzisa izitofu zokuncibilikisa ezivundlile ezinobubanzi bezoni ezincibilikisiwe obungu-5-8 mm, isivinini sokuhamba esingu-3-5 mm/h, kanye nama-fine pass angu-8-12. I-Gradient yokushisa: 50-80°C/cm; i-vacuum ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• ‌Ukuhlukaniswa Kokungcola‌: Izindawo eziphindaphindwayo zidlula i-concentrate lead, i-zinc, kanye nokunye ukungcola emsila we-ingot. Susa ingxenye yokugcina ecebile ngokungcola okungu-15-20%, ufinyelele ubumsulwa obuphakathi ≥99.999%

1. ‌Izilawuli Eziyinhloko‌

• Izinga lokushisa lendawo encibilikisiwe: 400-450°C (ngaphezu kancane kwephuzu lokuncibilika kwe-cadmium elingu-321°C);
• Izinga lokupholisa: 0.5-1.5°C/min ukunciphisa amaphutha e-lattice;
• Izinga lokugeleza kwe-Argon: 10-15 L/min ukuvimbela i-oxidation

III. Ukuhluzwa Kwe-Electrolytic

1. ‌Ukwakhiwa kwe-Electrolyte‌

• Ukwakheka kwe-Electrolyte: I-Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) kanye ne-sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), kanye ne-gelatin engu-0.01-0.05 g/L engeziwe ukuthuthukisa ubuningi be-cathode deposit‌

1. ‌Amapharamitha Enqubo‌

• I-Anode: Ipuleti le-cadmium elingacwengekile; I-Cathode: Ipuleti le-titanium;
• Ubuningi bamanje: 80-120 A/m²; I-voltage yeseli: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Izinga lokushisa le-Electrolysis: 30-40°C; Ubude: amahora angu-48-72; Ubumsulwa be-Cathode ≥99.99%

IV. Ukuhluzwa Kokunciphisa Umshini Wokugaywa

1. ‌Ukunciphisa Nokuhlukaniswa Kwezinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu‌

• Faka ama-ingots e-cadmium esithandweni somoya (ingcindezi ≤10⁻² Pa), faka i-hydrogen njengesinciphisi, bese ushisa ku-800-1000°C ukuze wehlise ama-cadmium oxides abe yi-gaseous cadmium. Izinga lokushisa le-Condenser: 200-250°C; Ubumsulwa bokugcina ≥99.9995%

1. ‌Ukusebenza Kokususa Ukungcola‌

• Umthofu osele, ithusi, kanye nokunye ukungcola kwensimbi okungu-≤0.1 ppm;
• Okuqukethwe kwe-oksijini ≤5 ppm

Ukukhula Kwekristalu Elilodwa le-V. Czochralski

1. ‌Ukulawulwa Kokuncibilika Nokulungiselela I-Seed Crystal‌

• Faka ama-ingots e-cadmium ahlanzekile kakhulu ezitsheni ze-quartz ezihlanzekile kakhulu, uncibilikise ngaphansi kwe-argon ku-340-360°C. Sebenzisa imbewu ye-cadmium enekristalu elilodwa egxile ku-<100> (ububanzi obungu-5-8 mm), efakwe kusengaphambili ku-800°C ukuze uqede ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi.

1. ‌Amapharamitha Okudonsa Ngekristalu‌

• Isivinini sokudonsa: 1.0-1.5 mm/min (isigaba sokuqala), 0.3-0.5 mm/min (ukukhula okuzinzile);
• Ukujikeleza kwe-Crucible: 5-10 rpm (ukujikeleza okuphambene);
• I-gradient yokushisa: 2-5°C/mm; Ukuguquguquka kokushisa kwesixhumi esiqinile-uketshezi ≤±0.5°C

1. ‌Amasu Okucindezela Amaphutha Aphelele‌

• ‌Usizo Lwensimu Yama-Magnetic‌: Faka insimu yamagnetic ye-axial engu-0.2-0.5 T ukuze ucindezele ukuxokozela kokuncibilika futhi unciphise ukungcoliswa;
• ‌Ukupholisa OkulawulwayoIzinga lokupholisa ngemva kokukhula elingu-10-20°C/h linciphisa ukukhubazeka kokuphuma okubangelwa ukucindezeleka kokushisa.

VI. Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Ngemva Kokucubungula

1. ‌Umshini Wekristalu‌

• ‌UkusikaSebenzisa amasaha ensimbi yedayimane ukuze uwasike abe ama-wafer angu-0.5-1.0 mm ngesivinini sensimbi esingu-20-30 m/s;
• ‌Ukupholisha‌: Ukupholisha ngomshini kwamakhemikhali (i-CMP) ngengxube ye-nitric acid-ethanol (isilinganiso se-1:5 vol.), kufinyelela ubulukhuni bomphezulu i-Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ‌Izindinganiso Zekhwalithi‌

• ‌UbumsulwaI-GDMS (i-Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) iqinisekisa i-Fe, i-Cu, i-Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ‌Ukumelana‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (ubumsulwa ≥99.9999%);
• ‌Ukuqondiswa kwe-Crystallographic‌: Ukuphambuka <0.5°; Ubuningi bokuhlukaniswa ≤10³/cm²

VII. Iziqondiso Zokuthuthukisa Inqubo

1. ‌Ukususwa Kokungcola Okuqondiwe‌

• Sebenzisa ama-resin okushintshanisa ama-ion ukuze uthole ukumuncwa okukhethekile kwe-Cu, i-Fe, njll., kuhlanganiswe nokuhluzwa kwendawo enezigaba eziningi ukuze kufezwe ubumsulwa bebanga le-6N (99.9999%)

1. ‌Ukuthuthukiswa Kokuzenzakalelayo‌

• Ama-algorithm e-AI alungisa ngokuguquguqukayo isivinini sokudonsa, amazinga okushisa, njll., okwandisa isivuno kusuka ku-85% kuya ku-93%;
• Khulisa usayizi we-crucible ube ngamasentimitha angu-36, uvumela isitokwe sokudla seqembu elilodwa esingu-2800 kg, unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kube ngu-80 kWh/kg

1. ‌Ukusimama kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwezinsizakusebenza‌

• Khulisa kabusha imfucuza yokugeza i-asidi ngokushintshanisa ama-ion (ukubuyiselwa kwe-Cd ≥99.5%);
• Phatha amagesi okukhipha umoya nge-activated carbon adsorption + i-alkaline scrubbing (ukubuyiswa kwe-Cd vapor ≥98%)

Isifinyezo

Inqubo yokukhula nokuhlanzwa kwekristalu ye-cadmium ihlanganisa i-hydrometallurgy, ukuhluzwa ngokomzimba okushisa okuphezulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhula kwekristalu ngokunemba. Ngokusebenzisa i-acid leaching, ukuhluzwa kwendawo, i-electrolysis, i-vacuum distillation, kanye nokukhula kwe-Czochralski—kuhlanganiswe nokuzisebenzela kanye nemikhuba enobungani nemvelo—ivumela ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile kwamakristalu e-cadmium angama-6N-grade ultra-high-purity. Lokhu kuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-nuclear detectors, izinto ze-photovoltaic, kanye namadivayisi e-semiconductor athuthukile. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo izogxila ekukhuleni kwekristalu okukhulu, ukuhlukaniswa kokungcola okuqondiwe, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-carbon ephansi.