Ukukhula Nokuhlanzwa Kwekristalu Ye-Tellurium Ye-7N

Ukukhula Nokuhlanzwa Kwekristalu Ye-Tellurium Ye-7N

I. Ukwelashwa Kwangaphambi Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe kanye Nokuhlanzwa Kwangaphambi Kwezinto

1. ‌Ukukhethwa Nokuchotshozwa Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe‌

• ‌Izidingo Zezinto EzibalulekileSebenzisa i-tellurium ore noma i-anode slime (okuqukethwe kwe-Te ≥5%), okungcono i-copper slime ye-anode slime (equkethe i-Cu₂Te, i-Cu₂Se) njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.
• ‌Inqubo Yokwelashwa Ngaphambi Kokwelashwa‌:
• Ukuchoboza okuqinile kube usayizi wezinhlayiya ≤5mm, kulandelwe ukugaya ibhola kube yi-≤200 mesh;
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic (ubukhulu bensimu yamagnetic ≥0.8T) ukususa i-Fe, i-Ni, kanye nokunye ukungcola kwamagnetic;
• Ukuntanta kwegwebu (pH=8-9, abaqoqi be-xanthate) ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-SiO₂, i-CuO, kanye nokunye ukungcola okungewona amandla kazibuthe.
• ‌Izinyathelo zokuzivikelaGwema ukufaka umswakama ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okumanzi ngaphambi kokuthosa (kudinga ukomiswa ngaphambi kokuthosa); lawula umswakama osendaweni ≤30%.

1. ‌Ukuthosa kanye nokuxutshwa kwe-pyrometallurgical‌

• ‌Amapharamitha Enqubo‌:
• Izinga lokushisa lokusajisa nge-oxidation: 350–600°C (ukulawula okuhleliwe: izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokususa i-sulfurization, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokususa i-oxidation);
• Isikhathi sokuthosa: amahora angu-6-8, ngesilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-O₂ esingu-5-10 L/min;
• I-Reagent: I-asidi ye-sulfuric egxilile (98% H₂SO₄), isilinganiso sobuningi Te₂SO₄ = 1:1.5.
• ‌Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali‌:
  Cu2Te+2O2+2H2SO4→2CuSO4+TeO2+2H2OCu2Te+2O2+2H2 SO4​→2CuSO4+TeO2+2H2O
• ‌Izinyathelo zokuzivikela‌: Lawula izinga lokushisa ≤600°C ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwe-TeO₂ (izinga lokubila elingu-387°C); phatha igesi yokukhipha umoya nge-NaOH scrubbers.

II. Ukuhlanza ngogesi kanye nokuhluzwa nge-vacuum

1. ‌Ukuhlanza ngogesi‌

• ‌Uhlelo lwe-Electrolyte‌:
• Ukwakheka kwe-Electrolyte: H₂SO₄ (80–120g/L), TeO₂ (40–60g/L), okungeziwe (i-gelatin 0.1–0.3g/L);
• Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa: 30–40°C, izinga lokugeleza kwegazi lingu-1.5–2 m³/h.
• ‌Amapharamitha Enqubo‌:
• Ubuningi bamanje: 100–150 A/m², i-voltage yeseli 0.2–0.4V;
• Isikhala se-electrode: 80–120mm, ubukhulu be-cathode deposition 2–3mm/8h;
• Ukusebenza kahle kokususa ukungcola: Cu ≤5ppm, Pb ≤1ppm.
• ‌Izinyathelo zokuzivikela‌: Hlunga njalo i-electrolyte (ukunemba ≤1μm); cwebezela ngomshini izindawo ze-anode ukuze uvimbele ukunyakaza.

1. ‌Ukuhluzwa kwe-Vacuum‌

• ‌Amapharamitha Enqubo‌:
• Izinga le-vacuum: ≤1×10⁻²Pa, izinga lokushisa lokuhluza 600–650°C;
• Izinga lokushisa lendawo ye-Condenser: 200–250°C, Ukusebenza kahle kokufinyela komoya we-Te ≥95%;
• Isikhathi sokuhluza: amahora angu-8–12, umthamo we-single-batch ≤50kg.
• ‌Ukusatshalaliswa Kokungcola‌: Ukungcola okubilayo kancane (Se, S) kuqongelela ngaphambili kwe-condenser; ukungcola okubilayo kakhulu (Pb, Ag) kuhlala ku-residues.
• ‌Izinyathelo zokuzivikela‌: Uhlelo lwe-vacuum olungaphambi kokupompa lube yi-≤5×10⁻³Pa ngaphambi kokushisa ukuvimbela i-Te oxidation.

‌III. Ukukhula Kwekristalu (Ukucwebezela Okuqondisiwe)‌

1. ‌Ukucushwa Kwemishini‌

• ‌Amamodeli E-Crystal Growth Furnace‌: TDR-70A/B (umthamo ongu-30kg) noma i-TRDL-800 (umthamo ongu-60kg);
• Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekushiseni: I-graphite emsulwa kakhulu (okuqukethwe komlotha ≤5ppm), ubukhulu Φ300×400mm;
• Indlela Yokushisa: Ukumelana ne-Graphite Ukushisa, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingu-1200°C.

1. ‌Amapharamitha Enqubo‌

• ‌Ukulawula Ukuncibilika‌:
• Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika: 500–520°C, ukujula kwechibi lokuncibilika 80–120mm;
• Igesi evikelayo: Ar (ubumsulwa ≥99.999%), izinga lokugeleza lingu-10–15 L/min.
• ‌Amapharamitha Okwenza Ikristalu‌:
• Izinga lokudonsa: 1–3mm/h, isivinini sokujikeleza kwekristalu esingu-8–12rpm;
• I-gradient yokushisa: I-Axial 30–50°C/cm, i-radial ≤10°C/cm;
• Indlela yokupholisa: Isisekelo sethusi esipholile ngamanzi (izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingu-20–25°C), ukupholisa okuphezulu kwemisebe.

1. ‌Ukulawula Ukungcola‌

• ‌Umphumela Wokuhlukaniswa‌: Ukungcola okufana ne-Fe, i-Ni (i-segregation coefficient <0.1) kuqongelela emingceleni yokusanhlamvu;
• ‌Imijikelezo Yokuncibilikisa‌: imijikelezo engu-3–5, ukungcola okuphelele kokugcina ≤0.1ppm.

1. ‌Izinyathelo zokuzivikela‌:

• Mboza ubuso obuncibilikisiwe ngamapuleti e-graphite ukuze ucindezele ukuguquguquka kwe-Te (izinga lokulahlekelwa ≤0.5%);
• Gada ububanzi bekristalu ngesikhathi sangempela usebenzisa ama-laser gauges (ukunemba ± 0.1mm);
• Gwema ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa >±2°C ukuze uvimbele ukwanda kobuningi bokuhlukana (okuhlosiwe ≤10³/cm²).

IV. Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi kanye Nezilinganiso Eziyinhloko

V. Izinqubo Zokuvikela Ezemvelo Nezokuphepha

1. ‌Ukwelashwa Ngegesi Yokukhipha Umoya‌:

• Ukukhipha ugesi: Nciphisa i-SO₂ ne-SeO₂ ngama-scrubbers e-NaOH (pH≥10);
• Umoya wokucwilisa nge-vacuum: Condense bese ubuyisa umhwamuko we-Te; amagesi asele afakwe nge-activated carbon.

1. ‌Ukuvuselelwa Kwe-Slag‌:

• I-Anode slime (equkethe i-Ag, i-Au): Buyisela nge-hydrometallurgy (uhlelo lwe-H₂SO₄-HCl);
• Izinsalela ze-Electrolysis (eziqukethe i-Pb, i-Cu): Buyela ezinhlelweni zokuncibilikisa ithusi.

1. ‌Izindlela Zokuphepha‌:

• Abasebenzi kumele bagqoke imaski yegesi (Umswakama unobuthi); balondoloze umoya ongenayo ingcindezi (izinga lokushintshana komoya ≥10 imijikelezo/ihora).

Iziqondiso Zokuthuthukisa Inqubo

1. ‌Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinto EzingavuthiweLungisa izinga lokushisa lokuthosa kanye nesilinganiso se-asidi ngokuguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe emithonjeni ye-anode slime (isb., ukuncibilikisa ithusi vs. i-lead);
2. ‌Ukulinganisa Izinga Lokudonsa NgekristaluLungisa isivinini sokudonsa ngokwe-melt convection (inombolo kaReynolds Re≥2000) ukuze ucindezele i-supercooling yomthethosisekelo;
3. ‌Ukusebenza Kahle KwamandlaSebenzisa ukushisa kwezindawo zokushisa ezimbili (indawo eyinhloko engu-500°C, indawo engaphansi engu-400°C) ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okumelana ne-graphite ngo-30%.